Answer:
b) Both Utilitarians and Aristotle contend that the government ought to maximize the total pleasure while minimizing pain, while Rawlsian theory suggests that the primary role of government is to safeguard individual rights.
Explanation:
Utilitarians assert that the goals of governance should align closely with the welfare of the populace since maximizing liberty is fundamentally linked to the well-being that people collectively desire. This connection allows for the potential and promotion of positive social evolution through calm political methods.
Simultaneously, Aristotle believes that the state should operate in the common interest of all citizens, proposing that a constitutional democracy is optimal. This form of governance seeks the wellbeing of society as a whole, where both affluent and less privileged individuals honor each other's rights, and the most competent leaders govern through mutual consent.
In contrast, Rawls' view indicates that the government should basically uphold ideals by reconciling justice and what is deemed right. He posits that while the government must protect its citizens, it does not necessarily need to cater to the majority's pursuit of overall happiness; instead, it should focus on moral integrity that rational individuals can support, as opposed to the general concept of goodness.
Thus, while Utilitarians and Aristotle advocate for a government that enhances overall happiness and reduces suffering, Rawlsian theory emphasizes the protection of rights over the pursuit of collective pleasure.
