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Hobbes and Locke, both English philosophers, recognized the concept of a "social contract" — that governmental authority stems from the people's consent. However, their perspectives on why individuals seek governance greatly diverged.
Thomas Hobbes articulated his political philosophy in Leviathan in 1651, a period marked by the turmoil of the English Civil War. He perceived humans as inherently distrustful, engaged in competition, and capable of malign behavior towards one another. Establishing a government, in his view, required sacrificing personal freedoms in exchange for protection against what would otherwise devolve into a state of constant conflict among individuals.
Conversely, John Locke released his Two Treatises on Civil Government in 1690, in the aftermath of the relatively peaceful power transition known as the Glorious Revolution in England. Locke posited that individuals are born as tabula rasa—without any prior knowledge or moral inclinations. As they experience life, they acquire knowledge about the optimal existence and thus choose to form governments to enhance societal conditions.
In my classroom discussions, I often explain their differing philosophies through an analogy to playground basketball. Hobbes argues that a referee is essential to prevent the players from descending into fierce arguments and violence, given the competitive nature of individuals. On the other hand, Locke believes that while a referee can improve the game by ensuring fair conflict resolution, it is possible to enjoy a match without one. It's important to note that both philosophers never referenced basketball, a sport invented in 1891 by James Naismith, but this analogy helps illustrate their contrasting ideas.
The primary aim of Burnett's letter was (A) to share his experiences in the U.S. Army, highlighting the mistreatment of the Cherokee tribe.
Clarification:
In 1830, during the Jackson administration, the Cherokee tribe was coerced into relocating to western territories as outlined in the Treaty of New Etocha. This was done to repurpose the southern lands for the white populace, with Chief Ross being the leader of the Cherokee who resided in Georgia. The chief sent a letter to "the Senate and House of Representatives" to oppose the Treaty of New Etocha.
The entire forced relocation of the Cherokee is referred to as the “Trail of Tears.”
Federal troops compelled the Cherokee to march 1,000 miles to the western territories. During this journey, between 4,000 and 6,000 Cherokees perished as a consequence of this displacement. This ordeal is commonly known as “the Trail of Tears” or “the Trail where They Cried.”
In 1890, John Burnett described this “execution as the most brutal order in the History of American Warfare.”
