The answer is C) The country had a low population density and lacked any defense system.
The ease with which European imperialists conquered China was due to its sparse population and absence of defense mechanisms.
During that time, China did not possess a formal or adequately trained military.
These aspects made it easier for invaders to penetrate Chinese lands, despite the challenging geography which included mountainous regions that had kept China isolated for many years. The Mongols invaded and controlled significant parts of China in the 1120s AD, and another instance of invasion was the Japanese occupation between 1937 and 1945.
Hobbes and Locke, both English philosophers, recognized the concept of a "social contract" — that governmental authority stems from the people's consent. However, their perspectives on why individuals seek governance greatly diverged.
Thomas Hobbes articulated his political philosophy in Leviathan in 1651, a period marked by the turmoil of the English Civil War. He perceived humans as inherently distrustful, engaged in competition, and capable of malign behavior towards one another. Establishing a government, in his view, required sacrificing personal freedoms in exchange for protection against what would otherwise devolve into a state of constant conflict among individuals.
Conversely, John Locke released his Two Treatises on Civil Government in 1690, in the aftermath of the relatively peaceful power transition known as the Glorious Revolution in England. Locke posited that individuals are born as tabula rasa—without any prior knowledge or moral inclinations. As they experience life, they acquire knowledge about the optimal existence and thus choose to form governments to enhance societal conditions.
In my classroom discussions, I often explain their differing philosophies through an analogy to playground basketball. Hobbes argues that a referee is essential to prevent the players from descending into fierce arguments and violence, given the competitive nature of individuals. On the other hand, Locke believes that while a referee can improve the game by ensuring fair conflict resolution, it is possible to enjoy a match without one. It's important to note that both philosophers never referenced basketball, a sport invented in 1891 by James Naismith, but this analogy helps illustrate their contrasting ideas.
Though I'm not drafting the two paragraphs, I can provide details about one specific case: Gibbons v. Ogden involved a federally issued permit versus a state (NY) issued permit for navigating New York waterways. The Marshall court reinforced Article VI (Supremacy), asserting that federal law overrides state law, while also bolstering the Commerce Clause's interpretation—that commerce encompasses not just the exchange of goods but also their transportation. This established that national Congress holds the exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce, thereby reinforcing federal authority over state governance. This case, among others, influences the understanding of federalism concerning its powers, rights, and responsibilities.
According to Orlando's persuasive speech, he managed to alter some students' perspectives and boost class participation over a few months because his speech could produce a sleeper effect. This phenomenon in psychology relates to persuasion, as it results in a delayed impact after the audience has heard the message, explaining how Orlando's address influenced the students.
