Answer:
Goines's narrative essay holds significance for contemporary readers due to its anti-war (pacifist) theme, which, although rooted in the Vietnam era, conveys a timeless humanitarian message.
Explanation:
While it's true that today's young audience may not find the specifics of the Vietnam war particularly captivating, they can certainly connect with themes of civil disobedience and social injustices, along with Goines's use of humor and irony to depict his pushback against political authority. For instance, Goines's clever description of navigating the bureaucratic maze to postpone his draft could resonate with today's youth who identify as rebels. In the current context void of drafts, younger individuals might struggle to grasp the political complexities of the 1960s and 1970s. However, the need to resist wars, especially when the burden of such decisions impacts the youth, remains significant. This chapter is pertinent because it allows younger generations to reflect on and possibly redefine what patriotism means: is true patriotism exemplified by serving in a war or by opposing misguided national policies?
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
Negative Reinforcement is the term coined by B. F. Skinner in his concept known as Operant Conditioning. This learning theory incorporates both rewards and punishments.
In Operant Conditioning, negative reinforcement is described as an action that aims to avoid negative results or unpleasant stimuli. Aversive stimuli refer to triggers that an individual generally wants to sidestep or escape from. Simply put, negative reinforcement can be understood as a behavior that, although unpleasant, is reduced to achieve a positive outcome.
In the given situation, negative reinforcement occurs because Mark is attempting to change the habit of waking up late to evade his mother's yelling, which he finds unpleasant. Therefore, Mark is working to eliminate this undesirable behavior to achieve a constructive result: his mother might stop scolding him.
Therefore, the correct choice is C.
