Explanation:
Isabella: 50-meter freestyle
- limited oxygen supply over a brief duration
- anaerobic cellular metabolism
- partial breakdown of glucose results in: lactic acid
- yields 2 ATP molecules per gram of glucose
Tyler: half marathon- sufficient oxygen supply to tissues over an extended period
- aerobic cellular metabolism
- full glucose breakdown
- yields 36 ATP molecules per gram of glucose
- waste products: H2O, CO2
Further Explanation:
in summary: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
Mitochondria, which are small membrane-bound organelles in all eukaryotic cells, generate most of the chemical energy necessary for cellular biochemical processes. This energy is stored as ATP, which is synthesized in the mitochondria. ATP production through respiration in the mitochondria involves oxygen in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle, utilizing pyruvate oxidation (which occurs through glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
Oxidative phosphorylation refers to a mechanism where the NADH and FADH2 produced earlier in the respiration process donate electrons to the electron transport chain, reverting to their original forms, NADH+ and FAD. The flow of electrons through the chain releases energy that is utilized to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix.
This creates a gradient with a varying number of protons on each side of the membrane, allowing protons to flow back into the matrix via the ATP synthase enzyme, converting ADP into ATP. At the electron transport chain's conclusion, three oxygen molecules accept electrons and protons, culminating in water formation...
- Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm, using 2 ATP to split glucose into 2 pyruvates, yielding 4 ATP and 2 NADH molecules (resulting in a net ATP gain of 2)
- The Citric acid or Krab cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, producing 6 CO2 by combining oxygen with carbon from pyruvate, along with 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
- The electron transport chain operates at the inner mitochondrial membrane, generating 34 ATP, with electrons merging with H+ derived from 10 NADH and 4 FADH2, replenishing electron acceptors and 3 oxygens to yield 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, and 4 FAD.
In specific cellular conditions, aerobic respiration may be impeded due to various reasons:
- - absence of inorganic final electron acceptors
- - incomplete or non-existent electron transport system
- - lack of necessary genes for enzymes in the Kreb's cycle
Consequently, cells resort to alternative methods for ATP energy production and to regenerate NAD+, an oxidized form of NADH that serves as the primary electron carrier during glycolysis. Pyruvate, generated in the cytoplasm through glycolysis, also acts as an electron acceptor in the fermentation process.
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