9. Your mathematics instructor claims that, over the years, 88% of his students have said that math is their favorite class. In

Step-by-step breakdown:

For the null hypothesis,

H0: p = 88

For the alternative hypothesis,

Ha: p < 88

In terms of population proportion, where the probability of success is p = 0.88

q represents the probability of failure = 1 - p

q = 1 - 0.88 = 0.12

Considering the sample,

Sample proportion, P = x/n

Where

x = number of successes = 21

n = total samples = 32

P = 21/32 = 0.66

Next, we determine the test statistic, which represents the z-score

z = (P - p)/√pq/n

z = (0.66 - 0.88)/√(0.88 × 0.12)/32 = - 3.83

The relevant p-value corresponds by referencing the normal distribution table for the area falling beneath the z-score. As a result,

P value = 0.00006