The element with atomic number 58 is Cerium, meaning its symbol should be Ce rather than Co, which belongs to Cobalt with atomic number 27. Therefore, the notation for isotopes consists of the element's symbol accompanied by a superscript and a subscript, properly aligned. The superscript indicates the mass number.
Mass number = protons + neutrons = 58 + 33 = 91
The subscript denotes the atomic number, which is 58. This notation is illustrated in the attached image.
Answer: Reaction 2 is a spontaneous one.
Explanation:
According to our understanding:
= +ve, meaning the reaction is non-spontaneous
= -ve, indicating the reaction is spontaneous
= 0, stating that the reaction is at equilibrium
For a reaction to be classified as spontaneous, the Gibbs free energy must yield a negative value.
Reaction 1:
Glucose + Pi ⟶ glucose-6-phosphate + H₂O, ΔG = +13.8 kJ/mol
Reaction 2:
ATP + H₂O ⟶ ADP + Pi, ΔG = -30.5 kJ/mol
From this, we can conclude that ΔG being negative indicates that reaction 2 is indeed spontaneous.
Specific enthalpy is defined as the overall energy in a system attributed to its temperature and pressure, measured per unit mass. It is essential in thermodynamic calculations when one needs to determine the energy for a specific unit mass of a component.
Specific enthalpy can be computed with the equation:
H = U + PV
For this example, the specific volume is 4.684 cm³/g or 149.888 cm³/g moles, which translates to 149.888 × 10⁻³ J/g moles.
The specific internal energy (U) is 1706 J/mol, and the pressure measured is 41.64.
Calculating gives us H = 1706 + 41.64 × 149.888 × 10⁻³ × 101.3 joules
= 2428 joules / mole
The negative sign indicates that heat is released.
