Answer:
Explanation:
We define the linear charge density as:

Where L is the length of the rod, in this scenario the semicircle's length is L = πr
The potential at the center created by a differential element of charge is:

where k denotes Coulomb's constant
r signifies the distance from dq to the center of the circle
Thus.

The potential at the semicircle's center
Explanation:
The formula for the electric field produced by an infinite sheet of charge is outlined below.
E =
where,
is the surface charge density
Following this, the formula for the electric force acting on a proton is given as:
F = eE
where, e is the charge of a proton
According to Newton's second law of motion, the overall force on the proton can be expressed as follows.
F = ma
a = 
= 
= 
According to kinematic equations, the proton's speed in the perpendicular direction can be described as follows.

= 
= 
= 683.974 m/s
Thus, the overall speed of the proton can be calculated as follows.
v' =
=

= 
= 1178.73 m/s
Consequently, we conclude that the proton's speed is 1178.73 m/s.
Galileo's contributions to the solar system model include: Data indicating that planets reflect sunlight like the Moon, and his observations of Jupiter's moons orbiting the gas giant. With the assistance of an early telescope that he constructed, Galileo made these two significant discoveries.
Response:
(A) 4* 6 ^ ⁻6 T m² (B) 2 * 10 ^ ⁻6 v
Clarification:
Solution
Given that:
A refrigerator magnet with a depth of approximately 2 mm
The estimated magnetic field strength of the magnet is = 5 m T
The Area = 8 cm²
Now,
(A) The magnetic flux ΦB = BA
Therefore,
ΦB = (5 * 10^⁻ 3) ( 4 * 10 ^⁻2) * ( 2 * 10^ ⁻2) Tm²
Thus,
ΦB = 4* 6 ^ ⁻6 T m²
(B) By employing Faraday's Law, the subsequent equation applies:
Ε = Bℓυ
Where,
ℓ = 2 cm equals 2 * 10 ^⁻2 m
B = 5 m T = 5 * 10 ^ ⁻3 T
υ = 2 cm/s = 2 * 10 ^ ⁻2 m/s
Therefore,
Ε = (5 * 10 ^ ⁻3 T) * (2 * 10 ^ ⁻2) (2 * 10 ^ ⁻2) v
E =2 * 10 ^ ⁻6 v