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Katyanochek1
7 days ago
11

Describe the grain structure of a metal ingot that was produced by slow-cooling the metal in a stationary open mold.

Engineering
1 answer:
pantera1 [220]7 days ago
6 0
In the scenario of a metal ingot cooling slowly, the microstructure tends to be coarse. The surface, exposed to higher temperatures for extended periods during cooling, features smaller grain sizes as they have less time to form. However, as we delve deeper into the ingot, the grains gradually extend, leading to equiaxed grain formation at the center.
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A liquid food with 12% total solids is being heated by steam injection using steam at a pressure of 232.1 kPa (Fig. E3.3). The p
iogann1982 [279]

Answer:

m_{s}=20kg/min

H_{s}=1914kJ/kg

Explanation:

A liquid food containing 12% total solids is heated via steam injection at a pressure of 232.1 kPa (see Fig. E3.3). The product starts at a temperature of 50°C and has a flow rate of 100 kg/min, being elevated to a temperature of 120°C. The specific heat of the product varies with its composition as follows:

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specific heat of the product at 12% total solids is 3.936 kJ/(kg°C). The goal is to calculate the quantity and minimum quality of steam required to ensure that the leaving product has 10% total solids.

Given

Product total solids in (X_{A}) = 0.12

Product mass flow rate (m_{A}) = 100 kg/min

Product total solids out (X_{B}) = 0.1

Product temperature in (T_{A}) = 50°C

Product temperature out (T_{B}) = 120°C

Steam pressure = 232.1 kPa at (T_{S}) = 125°C

Product specific heat in (C_{PA}) = 3.936 kJ/(kg°C)

The mass equation is:

m_{A}X_{A}=m_{B}X_{B}

100(0.12)=m_{B}(0.1)\\m_{B}=\frac{100(0.12)}{0.1} =120

Also m_{a}+m_{s}=m_{b}\\

Therefore: 100}+m_{s}=120\\\\m_{s}=120-100=20

The energy balance equation is:

m_{A}C_{PA}(T_{A}-0)+m_{s}H_{s}=m_{B}C_{PB}(T_{B}-0)

3.936 = (4.178)(0.88) +C_{PS}(0.12)\\C_{PS}=\frac{3.936-3.677}{0.12} =2.161

C_{PB}= 4.232*0.9+0.1C_{PS}= 4.232*0.9+0.1*2.161=4.025  kJ/(kg°C)

By substituting values into the energy equation:

100(3.936)(50-0)+20H_{s}=120(4.025)}(120-0)

19680+20H_{s}=57960\\20H_{s}=57960-19680 \\20H_{s}=38280\\H_{s}=\frac{38280}{20} =1914

H_{s}=1914kJ/kg

From the properties of saturated steam at 232.1 kPa,

H_{c} = 524.99 kJ/kg

H_{v} = 2713.5 kJ/kg

% quality = \frac{1914-524.99}{2713.5-524.99} =63.5%

Any steam quality above 63.5% will result in higher total solids in the heated product.

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16 days ago
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Answer:

The following represents the answer.

Explanation:

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