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<span>an atom is described as having a negatively charged electron cloud surrounding a positively charged nucleus, which is the correct choice.</span><span>

The nucleus contains electrically neutral neutrons and positively charged protons, establishing its positive charge. In contrast, electrons carry a negative charge. The electromagnetic force keeps the atoms bound to the nucleus.
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Response:

1) An observer in B 'perceives the two events occurring at the same time

2) Observer B recognizes that the events happen at different times

3)  Δt = Δt₀ /√ (1 + v²/c²)

Clarification:

This scenario illustrates the concept of simultaneity in special relativity. It is important to keep in mind that light's speed remains constant across all inertial frames

1) Since the events are stationary within the frame S ', they propagate at the constant speed of light, resulting in them reaching observation point B'—located equidistantly between both events—simultaneously

Thus, an observer in B 'observes the two events occurring at the same time

2) For an observer B situated within frame S attached to the Earth, both events at A and B appear to take place at the same moment. However, the event at A covers a shorter distance, while the event at B travels a longer distance, since frame S 'is in motion at velocity + v. Hence, with a constant speed, the event covering the lesser distance is perceived first.

Consequently, observer B perceives that the events do not occur simultaneously

3) Let's determine the timing for each event

        Δt = Δt₀ /√ (1 + v²/c²)

where t₀ represents the time in the S' frame, which remains at rest for the events

Let's consider a few possibilities. 1. The lowest velocity of the paratrooper would be just before hitting the ground. 2. Given that the jump originated from a relatively short height, the paratrooper utilized a static line, allowing the parachute to deploy almost instantly after leaping. Hence, we will convert 100 mi/h to ft/s: 100 mi/h * 5280 ft/mi / 3600 s/h = 146.67 ft/sec. Based on the first assumption, the maximum distance fallen by the paratrooper would equate to 8 seconds at 146.67 ft/s, translating to 8 s * 146.67 ft/s = 1173.36 ft. This calculated distance is nearly on par with the jump height, validating both assumptions 1 and 2. Thus, this scenario seems plausible. Moreover, considering the terminal velocity for a parachutist in a freefall position with limbs spread out typically reaches 120 mi/h, which is slightly above the 100 mi/h mentioned in the article. This as well aligns with the notion of the parachute acting like a flag, adding some air resistance.

The answer is 195 J.